《铁娘子:坚固柔情》英文观后感

1918年，英国国会通过“全民代表法案”，使30岁以上的妇女拥有投票权，但是直到1928年才达成妇女普选。时过约莫50载，1979年英国出现首位，也是迄今为止唯一一位的女首相，她就是玛格丽特?撒切尔（MargaretThatcher，1925-）。撒切尔夫人出任首相，看似成功打破性别的限制，在男性至上的社会──特别是男性政治传统──中获得一席之地，但事实上真的如此吗？英国导演菲丽达?罗伊（PhyllidaLloyd）执导的第二部剧情长片《铁娘子：坚固柔情》，表面上是以撒切尔夫人的事迹为题材的人物传记电影，实则隐藏着令人玩味的“性别”（Gender）论述。

铁娘子：撒切尔夫人的两面性

“铁娘子”（IronLady）源自于前苏联媒体对撒切尔夫人的戏称，却也如实反映出她的两面性：铁，其性质刚硬、冰冷，可视作“男性”的表征；想当然，娘子则强调“女性”（这里“男性”与“女性”指的是后天形成的“社会性别”）的部分。一如台湾片商所下的副标题，铁的坚固与娘子的柔情，两种截然不同的个性同时显现于片中的撒切尔夫人（MerylStreep饰）身上。

电影是以现在与过去不断交错而进行。现在指的是早已退出政坛，记忆力衰退，身形痀偻的撒切尔夫人所处的时空；过去的时空则是包括年轻时的玛格丽特（AlexandraRoach饰），以及担任首相时的撒切尔夫人。透过过去的片断，我们便可看到尚未涉入政治的玛格丽特与当时一般女性的不同之处，例如：站在一群男性中间，聆听社会公***议题相关的演说；在晚宴桌上高谈阔论，发表“我们应自立自强”等的言论。在传统观念中，“女性”应拥有紧闭的嘴巴，也就是无声的角色，显然，这时的玛格丽特已流露出性格中偏属“男性”的部分。

然而，当玛格丽特正式走入政治，甚至是成为撒切尔夫人时，“男性”却从她的性格变质为一层不得不佩戴的面具、伪装。片中，撒切尔夫人的幕僚向她说：“没有人想被女人说教、威吓。”尤其是在涉及经济、军事、国防、外交等方面的男性化的政治领域中更是如此，这表示撒切尔夫人必须以“男性”的身分站上政坛。因此，我们看到撒切尔夫人改变发型，使自己看起来更有气势；练习发声，让自己的声音更有力，提升说话时的威严。气势、有力与威严，这些形容词往往套用于“男性”身上，撒切尔夫人将之加诸于己，说穿了只是为了能够跻身由男性所掌控的政治世界。

相较于处理政治时的“男性”身分，撒切尔夫人在面对丈夫丹尼斯（JimBroadbent饰）时则不时显露出柔情的“女性”面相。这部分可藉由以下几场戏看出：即使丹尼斯早已过世多年，撒切尔夫人仍不愿收拾、整理他的遗物；当幕僚希望撒切尔夫人拿掉长久佩戴的珍珠项鍊时，她不愿配合，只因那是丹尼斯在双胞胎子女出生后送她的礼物；在旅馆爆炸后，看到丹尼斯平安无事，撒切尔夫人害怕地说：“我以为我失去你了。”相信观众从这些片断不难感受到撒切尔夫人对丹尼斯的深情与依赖。此外，撒切尔夫人的情感不仅用于丹尼斯身上，也用在人民身上，特别是她亲自提笔写信慰问战争受害者家属的一幕最令我印象深刻。

撒切尔夫人以其“铁娘子”形象闯荡政坛，即使招致正反两面的评价，亦无损于她在英国历史上的位置。不过，如同张小虹在《后现代／女人：权力、欲望与性别表演》中所提：“但当我们说『女性同男性一样杰出』的同时，也许只是『女性依循男性的方式在男性的社会中，获取男性的认可与赞许』。”撒切尔夫人之所以能有现在的地位，很难说不是藉着披上“男性”外衣而成功，但是，这也是无可奈何之事。“我这一辈子每天都在打仗，也被男人低估。”撒切尔夫人如是说。女性想要在男性主导、充满性别歧视的政治丛林中生存，甚至是占有一席之地，将自己包装在“男性”之下或许是一条无从选择的路径，只是，这也使得年老的撒切尔夫人看到电视新闻中过往的自己时，不由得感叹道：“我不认得我自己。”

回归身为女人的自己

西蒙?波娃（SimonedeBeauvoir，1908-1986）曾说：“今日男人代表『肯定的』与『中性的』──也就是说，『男性』与『人』──而女人则只是『否定的』、『女性的』。”由此可见，当我们提及“人”时，泛指的其实是男人（这点从英文更能看出）。那么，女人呢？又，以“男性”身分包装的女人呢？

撒切尔夫人不愿受限于传统的“女性”框架里，在丹尼斯求婚时，她说：“我绝对不会当小女人。”强烈要求丹尼斯理解她不想一辈子窝在厨房，困在“家庭主妇”的角色中；接着，她还说：“人一定要活得有意义。”显见撒切尔夫人意图打破“人=男人”的传统，也不想委身于“女性的”之中，企盼单纯以“人”的身分使自己完满。然而，如同前述，在踏入政坛后，撒切尔夫人被迫伪装成“男性”，汲汲营营于政治事业中，致使她失去了某些珍贵的东西：亲子之情与自己。

片中一幕：年迈的撒切尔夫人翻找出过去拍摄的家庭影像光盘，看到当中年幼的一双子女在海边玩耍，不禁兴起万般感概；此时，丹尼斯的身影说：“你可以倒带，却不能重来。”下个镜头，撒切尔夫人赶着开车到议会，抛下追着车，想跟她分享照片的子女。时间拉到现在，子女早已长大成人，儿子不在身边，丈夫又过世，撒切尔夫人唯一能抓住的只有幻影与过去的记忆，因此导演选择破坏时间顺序，不断交错现在与过去，让观众更能体会记忆的片断性；同时，藉由过往的意气风发与现在的柔弱身躯的鲜明对比，衬托出隐藏在撒切尔夫人这位不凡女性之下，其实只是一个平凡的人、一位平凡的母亲，以及平凡的玛格丽特?撒切尔。

In 1918, the congress on behalf of "civil law", with more than 30 women have the right to vote, but it was not until 1928 that women's suffrage. In about 50 years, first appeared in Britain in 1979, so far the only female prime minister, she was Margaret thatcher (MargaretThatcher, 1925 -). Margaret thatcher became prime minister, seemingly successful break gender restrictions, in a sexist society ─ ─ especially male political tradition ─ ─ for a place, but the fact is really the case? British director Mr, lida Roy (PhyllidaLloyd), directed by the second plot long piece "the iron lady: strong tender feelings", on the surface is Mrs Thatcher's biography movie depicting the story, but in fact it was entertaining to get hidden in the "Gender" (Gender) in this paper.

The iron lady, Margaret thatcher's always two sides to everything

"Iron lady" (IronLady) derived from the former Soviet union, the media of Mrs Thatcher's calls, but also truthfully reflect her two sides: iron, its hardened, cold nature, can be characterized as "male"; Take it for granted that lady emphasizes "female" (" male "and" female "here refers to the formation of" social gender "the day after tomorrow). As Taiwan's producers under the subtitle, iron fortified with lady tender feelings, expressed by two distinct personality and at the same time slice of Margaret thatcher (MerylStreep).

Movie is now continuously interlaced with the past. Now is already quit politics, memory loss, rolls for grain shape 痀 of Margaret thatcher's time and space; The space and time are used to include Margaret (AlexandraRoach act the role ofing), as a young and when he became prime minister Margaret thatcher. Through the fragments of the past, we can see Margaret has not been involved in politics and the common women's difference, for example: standing among a group of men, listen to public topics related to speech; Talk about at the dinner table, the speech we should free-standing self-improvement, etc. In traditional ideas, the "female" should have closed mouth, also is the role of the silent, clearly, at this moment Margaret has showed partial is a "male" part of the character.

However, when Margaret formally into the political, and even become a Margaret thatcher, "male" from her to a layer of the character of the metamorphic had to wear the masks, camouflage. Production, Margaret thatcher's chief of staff, said to her: "no one wants to be a woman's sermon or intimidation." Especially in involving economic, military, national defense, diplomacy, etc, the masculine especially in the political field, which means that Mrs Thatcher must with the identity of "male" on politics. So we see Margaret thatcher change hair style, make yourself look more momentum; Vocal, let his voice is more powerful, spoke the majesty of the ascension. Momentum, powerful and majestic, these adjectives are often set for "male", Margaret thatcher will add to the already, after all is in order to be one of the political world dominated by men.

Compared with the "male" identity when dealing with political, Margaret thatcher in the face of her husband Dennis (JimBroadbent) from time to time when they are show tender feelings of "female" faces. This part can see by the following scene: even if Dennis had already passed away for many years, Margaret thatcher are reluctant to pick up, sort out his belongings; When staff wish Margaret thatcher removed when wearing a pearl necklace for a long time, she don't want to cooperate with, because it was Dennis in children after the birth of twins to send her gift; After the explosion in the hotel, see Dennis safe, Margaret thatcher afraid, and said, "I thought I lost you." Believe the audience from the fragments are not difficult to feel Margaret thatcher affectionate to Dennis and rely on. Moreover, Mrs Thatcher's emotion is not only used for Dennis, also used in people's body, especially her pen to write personally condolences to relatives of victims of war scene impresses me the most.

Margaret thatcher, with its "iron lady" image to make politics, even cause both sides of evaluation, also hurt her position in the history of Britain. But as hsiao-hung chang in the postmodern/woman: power, desire and gender performance of the proposed: "but when we say" women, like men outstanding "at the same time, maybe it's just the way women follow men in male society, get recognition and praise of a man"." Margaret thatcher can have status, it is hard to say not through a "male" cloak and success, however, this also is helpless. "I this lifetime fighting every day, also was underestimated by the man." Margaret thatcher said. Women want in a male dominated political survival in the jungle, full of gender discrimination, and even a place of their packaging under the "male" may be a no alternative path, just, it also makes the old lady thatcher saw television news in the past, I sighed: "I do not know myself."

Return to yourself as a woman

Simon, boa (SimonedeBeauvoir, 1908-1986) once said: "men today on behalf of the" yes "and" neutral "─ ─ that is to say," male "and" people "─ ─ and women are only" negative ", "female"." Thus, when we refer to "people", referring to the actually is a man can see more from English (this). So, a woman? Again, as "male" packing of woman?

Margaret thatcher won't limited by the traditional "female" in the framework, in Dennis to marry him, she said: "I will never be young woman." Strongly asked Dennis to understand she didn't want to a lifetime nest in the kitchen, trapped in the role of "housewife"; Then she said: "people must live meaningful." Obvious Mrs Thatcher's intent to break the traditional "= the man", also don't want to be committed in the "female", looking only to the identity of "person" to complete. However, as mentioned, after entering politics, Margaret thatcher was forced to pretend to be "male", homelands in political career, that she had lost some precious things: parents of love with her.

Movie scene: elderly lady thatcher rummage shooting family video discs in the past, see among young pair of children playing in the sea, can not help but rise so kindness; Figure at this time, Dennis said: "you can rewind, but not again." The next scene, Margaret thatcher was driving the drive to the parliament, left chasing the car, want to share photos with her children. Time to now, their children have grown up, and don't have my son, her husband died, Mrs Thatcher only to capture only the phantom and the memory of the past, so the director choose destruction of time sequence, continuously interlaced with the past now, and let the audience can understand more memory PianDuanXing; At the same time, by passing the high-spirited and frail body now stands in stark contrast, foil a hidden under Mrs Thatcher the uncommon women, is really just an ordinary man, an ordinary mother, as well as ordinary

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