ashdown

指人的限定性关系从句 A主格用who或that，通常用who：The man who robbed you has been arrested．抢劫你的那个人已经被逮捕了。The girls who serve in the shop are the owner’s daughters．在店里接待顾客的那几个女孩都是店老板的女儿。Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in．只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。但是在all，everyone，everybody，no one，nobody和those后面，也可用that替代who：Everyone who／that knew him liked him． 认得他的人都喜欢他。Nobody who／that watched the match will ever forget it．看了这场比赛的人都不会忘记它。B动词的宾语用whom，who或that。指人的关系代词的宾格形式是whom，但这被认为是十分正规的说法。在口语中经常使用who和that来代替whom（that 比who更常用）；更加普遍的是索性把宾格关系代词省略：The man whom I saw told me to come back today．我见到的那个人叫我今天返回。The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay．他雇用的那些女孩子们老是抱怨薪水太低。C介词的宾语用whom或that。在正规的英语中介词通常位于关系代词之前，这时关系代词必须使用whom这一形式：the man to whom I spoke我跟说话的那个人The friend with whom I was travelling spoke French．和我一起旅行的那个朋友讲法语。D所有格关系代词的所有格只有whose这一种形式：People whose rents have been raised can appeal． 那些被增加了租金的人可以上诉。 指物的限定性关系从句 A主语用which或that，而which较正式：This is the picture which／that cansed such a sensation． 这就是那部轰动一时的电影。The stairs which／that lead to the cellar are rather slippery．通向地窖的楼梯相当滑。（另参见下面B。）</FONT>B动词的宾语用which，that或干脆省略关系代词：The car which／that I hired broke down．或：我租用的那辆小汽车抛锚了。The car I hired…一般在all，everything，little，much，none，no，由no构成的复合词及形容词的最高级形式之后很少使用which，而常用that。如果这个关系代词是动词的宾语时也可省略：All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs．掉在地上的苹果都让猪吃了。This is the best hotel（that） I know．这是我所知道的最好的饭店。C介词的宾语规范的结构是介词+which，但通常都把介词移到从句的末尾，用关系代词which，that或干脆省去关系代词：The ladder on which I was standing began to slip．我脚下的梯子开始向下滑动。或：The ladder which／that I was standing on began to slip．The ladder I was standing on began to slip．D所有格可以用whose+从句这种结构，但通常是用with+短语这种结构来代替它：a house whose walls were made of glass用玻璃做墙的房子a house with glass walls（译文同上）E关系副词用when，where，why。注意：when可以代替用于指时间的in／on which： the year when（＝in which）he was born他出生的那一年the day when（=on which）they arrived他们到达的那一天where可以代替用于指地点的in／at which：the hotel／where（=in／at which） they were staying他们当时住的旅店why可代替for which：The reason why he refused is…他拒绝的理由是……when，where和why有这种用法时叫做关系副词。 指物的非限定性关系从句 A 主格用which，这里不用that：That block，Which cost￡5 million to build，has been empty fof years．那个街区，就是花费了500万英镑建起来的那个，已经空置了多年了。The 8∶15 train，which is usually very punctual，was late today．8点15分的列车通常是正点的，今天晚点了。口语中往往可能这么说：That block cost￡5 million to build and has been empty for years．那个街区花费了500万英镑建成，已经空置了多年了。This 8∶15 train is usually punctual，but It was late today．8点15分的列车通常总是正点的，但是今天晚点了。B 宾格用which，这里不用that，而且which决不能省略：She gave me this jumper，which she had knitted herself．她送给我这件羊毛衫，这是她亲手织的。或：She gave me this jumper；she had knitted it herself．These books，which you can get at any bookshop，will give you all the in- formation you need．这几本书，你可以在任何书店买到的，会向你提供你所需要的一切资料。或：These books will give you all the information you need．You can get them at any bookshop．C 介词的宾语介词位于which之前或者位于从句之后，但不那么正式：Ashdown Forest，through which we’ll be driving，isn’t a forest any longer．阿斯顿森林，我们即将驱车通过，已经不再是森林了。或：Ashdown Forest，which we’ll be driving through，isn’t a forest any longer．His house，for which he paid￡10，000，is now worth￡50，000．他花了一万英镑买的房子，现在值五万英镑。或：His house，which he paid￡10，000 for，is now…D 与短语动词连用的which像下面的短语动词look after，look forward to，put up with（参见第三十八章）都应被看做一个整体，即介词/副词不应与动词分开：This machine，which I have looked after for twenty years，is still working perfectly．这台机器我已经照管了20年，现在仍然没一点儿毛病。Your inefficiency，which we have put up with far too long，is beginning to annoy our customers．我们对你的不称职容忍得太久，而顾客也开始对此感到不满意了。E 所有格用whose或of which。whose一般用来指动物和事物，of which可以用来指物，但是除在很正式的英语中之外，比较罕见。His house，whose windows were all broken，was a depressing sight．他的房子窗户无一完好，一派令人心酸的景象。The car，whose handbrake wasn’t very reliable，began to slide backwards．那辆车的手闸不太可靠，车开始向后滑动。